The full form of B.B.A. in Banking and Insurance is a Bachelor of Business Administration in Banking and Insurance. Bachelor of Business Administration in Banking and Insurance is a three-year undergraduate course in banking. The program includes training for various concepts and fundamentals used and practiced in the insurance and banking sectors. Students who have completed their 12th may enroll in this bachelor's program in banking and insurance. Banking and Insurance are one of the most important sectors. Companies from the banking and insurance sector require skilled and trained professionals so that they can manage all their activities comfortably. Students who are good in mathematics and have good presentation skills may opt for this program.
The three-year bachelor program in banking and insurance covers many topics in its three years such as IT (Information Technology), Computer Application, Accounting, Economics, Banking Operations, Treasury Operations, Investment Banking, Rural Finance, Insurance, and Loans. The program is divided into six semesters out of which four semesters are common for all the students while the last two semesters depending on the specialization. The program will also allow the students to adopt modern techniques to handle banking-related activities and produce results within a short span of time.
The BBA Banking and Insurance degree permits graduates to acquire jobs in a lot of sectors and activity profiles. Most applicants might be employed through authority banks. Before making use of a position, however, they have to skip a not-unusual place front exam. Candidates who are incredibly stimulated and feature robust communique talents can pursue MBA or PGDM packages in banking and insurance. You also can earn a whole lot of cash with this degree. It's smooth to get started.
Check out the major highlights of the BBA in Banking and Insurance program:
Parameters | Value |
Course Name | Bachelor of Business Administration in Banking and Insurance |
Course Level | Undergraduate |
Course Duration | 3 years |
Eligibility Criteria | 10+2 in any stream (preferably Commerce) from a recognized board |
Examination Type | Semester based |
Admission Process | Entrance Exam and Merit Based |
Age | No Age Limit |
Entrance Exams | CAT, XMAT, SNAP, GMAT, CMAT, LPU NET, AUCET, GPAT, Symbiosis SET, IPU CET |
Average Annual Fees | INR 14,000-10,00,000 |
Average Salary | INR 2,00,000-10,00,000 |
Job Profile | Credit and Risk Manager, Insurance Manager, Asset Manager, Accountant, Broker, Cashier, Auditor, Equity Research Analyst, Loan Officer, Market Analyst, Sales Officer, Sales Manager, etc. |
Top Recruiters | IBM, INNOWAR, HDFC Bank, Fidelity, etc. |
A common question arises whenever one talks about his/her career as to “WHY” this or that, similarly a question arises here, Why BBA Banking and Insurance? There are numerous points to consider before opting for this course and a banking and insurance career.
(i). As per the NSDC report, at present, over 5 million professionals are working in the Banking and Insurance industry. This industry is one of the leading employers of fresh and strong talent in India providing a wealth of opportunities.
(ii). The most common reasons Why BBA Banking and Insurance are developing and enhancing managerial and entrepreneurial skills, good salary, accelerated career prospects to land the real-best opportunity, etc.
(iii). Students will learn the experiential knowledge of the practice relating to insurance and banking.
(iv). They will learn how to combine conceptual and practical learning to make decisions for insurance and banking.
(v). They will understand the best way to contribute to the verticals of insurance and banking by critically analyzing the legal aspects using their technological and research skills.
(vi). They will be able to present influential behavior during the negotiation and decision-making stage.
(vii). They will develop to become ethically responsible managers or any successful professionals in this field and help society and their respective businesses grow and thrive.
For pursuing BBA in Banking and Insurance, students must make sure that they satisfy the eligibility criteria. In addition, students should have good marks in 10+2 for merit-based admission process and sound performance in entrance exams for entrance exam-based admissions. The admissions for BBA Banking and Insurance can be based in two ways.
While some colleges offer merit-based admissions, some colleges conduct entrance exams for admissions. Applications for admissions may be availed both from the University website or by directly visiting the college's Admissions Office. The course falls under the umbrella of BBA and therefore the admission process does not change drastically for the students.
Types of BBA in Banking & Insurance
Aspirants can pursue the BBA Banking & Insurance course in the full-time, part-time, and distance-time modes. Below are the types of BBA Banking & Insurance courses in detail:
(1). Distance: Many universities and colleges in India offer the Distance BBA Banking & Insurance course. The course is designed keeping the Distance Education methodology in mind.
(2). Full-Time: The full-time BBA Banking & Insurance program is typically for 3 years, during which students will have to attend classes in person, submit assignments, and write their exams on campus.
(3). Part-Time: The part-time BBA Banking & Insurance course is designed for students who cannot attend regular classes. Part-time courses either run on the weekend or night classes or online classes, depending on the type of course.
B.B.A. Banking and Insurance Eligibility Criteria
(i). Education Qualification: Students must have qualified 10+2/equivalent in any discipline from a recognized board.
(ii). Minimum Marks: Students securing an aggregate minimum of 50% marks will be eligible to take admission to the BBA Banking and Insurance course (relaxation for reserved category will be available as per the university).
(iii). Entrance Exam: Students planning to take admitted to a reputed university will have to score a good percentile in the entrance exam. After clearing the entrance exam, some good universities conduct GD-PI (Group Discussion - Personal Interview) rounds for the final selection.
B.B.A. Banking and Insurance Admission Process
Students who wish to pursue their career in banking and insurance can be admitted to BBA courses either based on an entrance exam or on a merit basis.
(i). Direct admission to BBA in Banking and Insurance courses will be given to students based on their 10+2/equivalent marks achieved.
(ii). On the other hand, admission on an entrance exam basis will be given to students, who will qualify for one of the entrance exams, such as the SET, GGSIPU CET, AIMA UGAT, CUCET, SUAT, GLAET, among other exams.
B.B.A. Banking and Insurance Accepted Entrance Exams
Some of the top schools offering BBA Banking and Insurance guides in India have a front exam-primarily based totally admission process. With the assistance of front assessments, schools examine the scholars and display appropriate college students from all of the applicants. Some famous front assessments for BBA Banking and Insurance are:
XAT | IPU CET | CUET |
GGSIPU CET | JET | DU JAT |
GMAT | CMAT | MAT |
SNAP | CAT | AIMA UGAT |
MICAT | FDDI AIST | SET |
B.B.A. Banking and Insurance Skills Required
Making a career in this field requires strong analytical and mathematical skills. Other skills that are required for a banking, finance, and insurance career include:
Effective Time Management | Be cheerful in nature | Analytical Skills |
Ethical | Communication Skills | Strong Mathematical Skills |
Good interpersonal skills | Critical Thinking | Active Listening |
Leadership Skills | Customer Service Skills | Ability To Accept criticism |
Problem-solving skills | Relevant interest | Adaptability |
Quick decision-making skills | Strategic Thinking | Additional skill |
The BBA Banking and Insurance Fee Structure for diverse faculties in India is around INR 1,00,000-5,00,000. The route charges may also range primarily based totally on the institute, infrastructure, coaching methods, faculties, and centers available.
Name of College | Average Annual Fee(INR) |
Noida International University, Noida | INR 1,10,000 |
Manav Rachna International University, Faridabad | INR 1,55,000 |
JECRC University, Jaipur | INR 1,10,000 |
Symbiosis University of Applied Sciences- SUAS, Indore | INR 2,45,000 |
DY Patil University School Of Management- DYPUSM, Navi Mumbai | INR 1,20,000 |
Amity University, Noida | INR 3,55,000 |
Sharda University, Greater Noida | INR 1,65,000 |
B.B.A. Banking and Insurance Selection Criteria
Selection for the BBA within the banking and coverage application will depend on applicants' ratings inside the qualifying ratings. Candidates who've received ratings extra than the restriction can be referred to the campus for similar admission rounds. After that, the university will behave a set dialogue and private interview spherical. Not every one of the faculties does not have to behave extra rounds for selection, a number of the faculties may offer admission at once on the premise of twelfth ratings/ grades. Candidates can also additionally go to the university internet site to recognize similarly approximately the admission process. All decided applicants will then go to the university at the side of the desired files on the date furnished to them. Finally, applicants who've effectively finished the admission round can be granted a seat.
BBA Banking & Insurance v/s B.Com Banking & Insurance
A course comparison has been presented below for the students to decide which course would be the best one for them to choose. The table includes all the necessary information about the two very related courses.
Parameters | BBA B&I | B.com B&I |
Course Name | Bachelor of Business Administration Banking & Insurance | Bachelor of Commerce Banking & Insurance |
Course Overview | B.B.A. Banking and Insurance or Bachelor of Business Administration in Banking and Insurance is a three-year undergraduate course in banking. The program includes training for various concepts and fundamentals used and practiced in the insurance and banking sectors. Students who have completed their 12th may enroll in this bachelor's program in banking and insurance. | B.Com Banking and Insurance is a three-year full-time undergraduate program that offers to analyze numerous banking and insurance aspects. It is a combination of banking and coverage education and smooth talents like communication and public relations. This direction is designed to put together professional graduates for coping with numerous commercial challenges. |
Course Duration | 3 years | 3 years |
Average Annual Fee | INR 24,000-10,00,000 | INR 14,000-10,00,000 |
Average Annual Salary | INR 6,00,000-10,00,000 | INR 3,00,000-10,00,000 |
Scope for Higher Education | To enhance managerial skills and to grab better opportunities, one should pursue an MBA after BBA. | One can choose to pursue his/her career by either going for an M.Com course or MBA course or professional courses such as CA, CS, CWA, etc. |
Job Profile | Credit and Risk Manager, Insurance Manager, Asset Manager, Accountant, Broker, Cashier, Auditor, Equity Research Analyst, etc. | Accountant, Broker, Loan Officer, Market Analyst, Sales Officer, Sales Manager, etc. |
Top Recruiters | IBM, INNOWAR, HDFC Bank, Fidelity, etc. | HDFC, BPO, Amazon, Oracle, ICICI, Airtel, Vodafone, etc. |
The below table shows some Top Colleges in India for BBA Banking and Insurance, along with the annual course fees.
Name of college | Average Annual Fee(INR) | Location |
Maharaja Surajmal Institute- MSI | Rs. 88,000 | New Delhi |
JECRC University | Rs. 1,10,000 | Rajasthan |
IIKM Business School | Rs. 85,000 | Chennai |
Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Institute of Management and Information Technology | Rs. 70,000 | New Delhi |
Manav Rachna International University | Rs. 1,55,000 | Faridabad |
DY Patil University School Of Management- DYPUSM | Rs. 1,20,000 | Navi Mumbai |
Krupanidhi Degree College | Rs. 58,000 | Bangalore |
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University- GGSIPU | Rs. 65,000 | Delhi |
Amity University | Rs. 3,55,000 | Noida |
GLA Institute Of Business Management | Rs. 80,000 | Mathura |
VIPS | Rs. 91,300 | Delhi |
RIMT University | Rs. 37,500 | Gobindgarh |
DY Patil University | Rs. 1,20,000 | Pune |
Symbiosis University of Applied Sciences- SUAS | Rs. 2,45,000 | Indore |
Sharda University | Rs. 1,65,000 | Greater Noida |
Sunrise University | Rs. 30,000 | Alwar |
DIRD | Rs. 70,000 | New Delhi |
Elphinstone College | Rs. 13,000 | Mumbai |
Noida International University | Rs. 1,10,000 | Noida |
Indian Academy Degree College- IADC | Rs. 35,000 | Bangalore |
Top City-wise BBA in Banking and Insurance Colleges
Listed below are some top city-wise BBA Banking & Insurance colleges:
Name of City | Name of College | Average Annual Fee(INR) |
Bangalore | DSU | Rs. 1,60,000 |
Manipal Academy Of Higher Education | Rs. 1,63,000 | |
Krupanidhi Degree College | Rs. 58,000 | |
IAGI | Rs. 70,000 | |
Delhi | MSI | Rs. 88,000 |
VIPS | Rs. 91,300 | |
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University | Rs. 65,000 | |
Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Institute of Management and Information Technology | Rs. 55,000 | |
Sharda University, Noida | Rs. 1,59,000 | |
DIRD | Rs. 70,000 | |
Pune | IMED | Rs. 1,00,000 |
DY Patil University | Rs. 1,20,000 |
BBA Banking and Insurance Placement cell facilitates corporate and student recruitment. The cell develops students who are employable according to corporate requirements. This is done through hours of targeted training which will help them improve confidence levels, analytical thought, presentation delivery, communication skills, and technical know-how.
The department assists students with recruitment and creates opportunities through projects, seminars, guest faculty from various industries, internships, and any other Industry-college partnership.
Job Profiles
The top job roles one can achieve after earning a BBA Banking and Insurance degree are mentioned below. The below table consists of the job roles and descriptions.
Job Profile | Job Description |
Loan counselor | A Loan Counselor is someone who works for any economic organization. His work is to test and confirm the facts and alertness of a purchaser to provide the purchaser with an economic plan. He will give an explanation for the information about the plans concerning the phrases and situations associated with the plan he offered. He may solve the questions of the purchaser and fulfill his queries. |
Customer Service Representative | Customer service representatives attend to all customer queries related to account balance, interest rates, compromised debit/credit cards, and other banking services. |
Branch Managers | The function of a department supervisor consists of overseeing all of the obligations and sports of a selected department like hiring and education of the staff, overseeing daily transactions and monetary sports, client service, and keeping reports. |
Insurance Manager | Insurance Manager is one of the essential and crucial jobs within the coverage sector. They should be abreast of all of the tendencies and norms approximately the present-day association’s fitness and assets coverage so that they can make certain to keep the clients properly informed. |
Specialist Officers | A critical profile within the banking sector, professional officials are employed to address obligations in diverse fields, the maximum not unusual place being Agriculture. The obligations consist of selling mortgage and credit score centers in rural areas, supporting farmers and land proprietors in taking loans and repaying them, permitting verbal exchange among banks and the public, and keeping reports. |
Assistant Controller | The Assistant Controller’s utmost precedence is to generate monetary statements and reviews for customers in addition to the association's control department. They additionally help Financial Managers with budgeting and growing policies, amongst different activities. |
Financial Advisor | A Financial Advisor is called a Financial Planner. He will offer facts to his clients. He will inform us what must do and what must not. To be a hit economic advisor, applicants require subject revel in earlier than working. Financial businesses normally ask for applicants who've accomplished internships in their respective fields. |
Bank Clerks | Bank clerks have the responsibility of completing tasks related to data entry, bookkeeping, and log-book maintenance. They are hired in different departments of the bank like – accounts, exchange, loan, securities, administration, etc. |
Credit and Risk Manager | Credit and Risk Manager ensures minimal credit risk and focuses on creating strategies to recover from the losses that might occur. |
Insurance manager | One of the essential humans inside the coverage organization. They are nicely aware of the plans and norms approximately any sort of fitness or belongings coverage the business enterprise gives. However, they need to be aware of all different elements whilst imparting any coverage from the business enterprise he's running. Therefore, he now no longer best gives a plan however additionally continues to a near eye on each unmarried factor. |
Probationary Officer (PO) | The activity profile of a Probationary Officer consists of diverse obligations such as trendy banking and administrative activities. |
Investment Banker | Investment bankers help private associations as well as government entities to obtain capital financing by managing investments, allocating resources, and pricing capital. |
Cashier | Cashiers used to carry out obligations associated with cash. The whole case dealing with the clients is accomplished with the customer. However, they could need to carry out a few types of income obligations, sell a few products, or allow the clients to shop for a few plans or products, etc. There isn't any preceding revel in required for this job. Freshers can get such jobs. |
Asset Manager | Asset Manager, a person who handles all of the client’s assets and is responsible for analyzing their investments, risk factors, and what can be gained from those investments with minimal or zero loss. |
Accountant | They used to work with obligations in conjunction with the administration. They work a decent timetable to hold statistics of details, assist the administration, replace the statistics from time to time, and more. |
Internal Auditor | The Internal Auditor has to perform the full audit of an association, including risk management, financial reliability, compliance & regulations, along with developing annual policies. |
Agent and Broker | As an agent and broker, the person might be accountable for creating new relationships and preserving antique relationships by promoting plans to clients as consistent with their needs. |
Loss Control Specialist | Loss Control Specialists work on building strategies on how to diminish the losses, whether it’s related to healthcare or property. |
Investment Analyst | Investment Analysts perform financial forecasting by analyzing sales revenue, cost, and other financial data. |
For Banking- Banks are used to recruiting in the post of PO (Probationary officer), Clerk, and more. There are a lot of Government and Private banks in the country that used to recruit employees. They are the State Bank of India, Union Bank ofIndia, Punjab National Bank, Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, HDFC Bank, AxisBank, ICICI Bank, IndusInd Bank, Kotak Mahindra, etc.
ICICI Prudential Life Insurance | HDFC Standard Life Insurance | ACCOR PLUS |
INNOWAR | IBM | AXIS Bank |
Jet Konnect | Royal Bank of Scotland | British Airways |
Kotak Mahindra Life Insurance | SBI Life Insurance | Bullman Realty |
Novus Green | TATA consultancy | Concentrix |
PNB MetLife | Vasundhara Grand | Fidelity |
Reliance | Wipro | HDFC Bank |
Employment Areas
Listed below are some employment areas for BBA in Banking & Insurance graduates:
Indian economic services | Credit Companies | Aviation Industry |
Insurance Industry | Credit Unions | Banks |
Investments | Educational Institute | Charity Associations |
Mortgage Companies | Health Departments | Insurance Industry |
Research Agencies | Indian civil services | Automobile Industry |
Savings and Loan Associations | Shopping Malls | Consultancy Services |
Average Salary
B.B.A. Banking and Insurance graduates can work as professionals in accounting, finance, banking, and Insurance. This direction gives enough possibilities to college students each in phrases of process and better education. With a BBA Banking and Insurance degree in hand, students can work as Chartered Accountants, Investment Bankers, Investment Analysts, Budget Analysts, Business Consultants, Business Operation Managers, Certified Public Accountants, etc. In addition, graduates can find jobs in both private and govt. Corporations. The average salary for BBA Banking and Insurance freshers is INR 2,00,000-500,000, which would increase with experience and skills.
Job Role | Average annual salary(INR) |
Loan counselor | Rs. 2,00,000-3,00,000 |
Cashier | Rs. 2,00,000-3,00,000 |
Accountant | Rs. 2,00,000-3,00,000 |
Financial Advisor | Rs. 4,00,000-6,00,000 |
Insurance manager | Rs. 5,00,000-6,00,000 |
There is a Career spectrum of possibilities inside the process marketplace after acquiring a BBA direction diploma in Banking and Insurance. One can observe a central authority organization or a personal one. The scope of this direction isn't constrained to at least one field, college students can select any of the fields, consisting of banking, the coverage industry, credit score union, loan company, financial savings and mortgage association, car industry, and charity association, amongst others.
Job Prospects
Candidates who've finished the BBA in the Insurance and Banking zone are ordinarily recruited at authority banks. They will fill out the software shape for the doorway examination carried out on the countrywide degree to get located for any profile. Besides this, graduates from this department may also follow for a task at any authorities or personal financial institution within the country. Candidates making use of banking additionally ought to clean the not unusual place front examination because the opposition inside the zone could be very high. Most of the organizations from the coverage and banking sectors rent college students who maintain exact communique and control skills. Besides this, applicants may follow for similar training through an MBA in Banking and Insurance or PGDM in Banking and Insurance.
Candidates who're shifting for a job can follow any of the sectors indexed below.
(i). Charity Associations
(ii). Shopping Malls
(iii). Credit Unions
(iv). Savings and Loan Associations
(v). Mortgage Companies
(vi). Consultancy Services
(vii). Research Agency
(viii). Automobile Industry
(ix). Health Departments
(x). Credit Companies
(xi). Educational Institute
(xii). Aviation Industry
(xiii). Banks
(xiv). Insurance Industry
Career Options after BBA Banking and Insurance
Banking and Insurance are sectors that are speedy evolving and witnessing transformational change. Banks are the spine of all sports because in each transaction wherein cash is involved, the financial institution is the primary character. The coverage of commercial enterprise is one of the distinguished monetary offerings in current times. Various jobs are to be had in each public and personal company for BBA Banking and Insurance graduates. Students can get jobs in numerous Business Consultancies /agencies, Educational Institutes, Public Accounting Firms, Policy Planning, Foreign Trade, Banks, Budget Planning, Inventory Control, Merchant Banking, etc. Students also can pursue better research or some other expert certificate courses. Some task roles presented to graduates are:
(i). Investment Broker
(ii). Investment Analysts
(iii). Budget Analysts
(iv). Business Consultants
(v). Business Operation Manager
(vi). Certified Public Accountant
(vii). Chartered Management Accountant
(vii). Auditors
(viii). Actuaries
(ix). Bookkeepers
(x). Finance Managers
(xi). Financial Analyst
(xii). Human Resource Managers
(xiii). Investment Banker
Scope for Higher Education
Ample opportunities and career alternatives are available for BBA Banking and Insurance graduates. Students can opt for a job or higher education depending on their skills and interests. BBA Banking and Insurance offers opportunities in many sectors like Banks, Budget Planning, Business Consultancies, Educational Institutes, Investment Banking, etc. Some of the higher education courses that students can opt for after completion of the program are as such:
(i). PGDM
(ii). CA
(iii). M.Com in Finance
(iv). MBA
Skills that make you the Best BBA Banking and Insurance Graduate
BBA Banking and Insurance graduates must reveal appropriate mathematical and problem-fixing abilities. They must be appropriate at numbers and must give you progressive thoughts for groups in saving money. A few important abilities for BBA Banking and Insurance graduates are:
(i). Excel spreadsheet abilities
(ii). Good Managerial Skills
(iii). Strong Mathematical Ability
(iv). Problem-Solving Skills
(v). Proficiency in Microsoft Office software program suite
(vi). Strong Communication Skills
Q. What is BBA Banking and Insurance?
Ans. BBA Banking and Insurance includes the basic aspects of Banking and Insurance. The course has included the significant changes that have taken place in the global financial architecture and technology that are used in this sector.
Q. What is Banking?
Ans. Banking is a business activity of managing and safeguarding the money of individuals and organizations. Banking also includes lending money to conduct economic activities and business operations.
Q. What are the top colleges offering BBA Banking and Insurance courses?
Ans. Following are some of the top colleges offering Management courses:
(i). Management Development Institute (Gurgaon)
(ii). Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (Mumbai)
(iii). Vinod Gupta School of Management - IIT KGP (Kharagpur)
(iv). Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (Mumbai)
(v). Indian Institute of Management (Kozhikode)
Q. Is maths compulsory for BBA in banking and insurance?
Ans. No, maths is not compulsory for BBA in banking and insurance but it is highly preferred, as you have to make a career in the banking and insurance sector, and the more skills you have the better the opportunity you can gain.
Q. I want admission to BBA Banking and Insurance. Do I have to clear any exams for that?
Ans. Institute of Engineering & Management Joint Entrance Examination, Jammu University Entrance Test, Lovely Professional University National Eligibility and Scholarship Test, Indraprastha University Common Entrance Test, and Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology Engineering Entrance Exam are some of the exams that you can appear for to get admission in BBA Banking and Insurance courses.
Q. Which job role pays more after BBA in banking and insurance?
Ans. The most lucrative and higher pay job roles after BBA in banking and insurance are Investment Banker (average 9 - 10 LPA) and Asset Manager (average 9 - 9.5 LPA).
Q. What is the average fee for the course BBA Banking and Insurance?
Ans. The average fee for BBA Banking and Insurance is INR 1,15,000 per year.
Q. Can I do a bank job after BBA?
Ans. Yes after BBA you can apply for bank jobs
Q. Is BBA in banking and insurance a good career?
Ans. Yes, a BBA in banking and insurance is a good career. Banking and coverage is a flourishing area and gives a possibility to college students with simple information about the monetary and coverage markets. It is estimated that every financial year more than two lakh positions will be available in the job market.
Q. How can I make a career in the Insurance sector?
Ans. To make a career in the Insurance sector, one can start as an Insurance Agent or a Sales Executive- Insurance. For this, they need to clear the agent exam conducted by the IRDA (Insurance Regulatory Authority of India). After gaining experience, one can go on to become a manager.
Q. What are the popular specializations related to BBA Banking and Insurance?
Ans. Some of the popular specializations for B.B.A. (Bachelor of Business Administration) are
(i). Infrastructure / Real Estate
(ii). Advertising & PR
(iii). Digital Marketing
(iv).Technology Management
(v). Professional Accounting.
Q. Can I give a bank exam after my BBA?
Ans. Yes certainly, students from any discipline can sit for bank exams.
Q. What is the duration of the course BBA Banking and Insurance?
Ans. BBA Banking and Insurance is a 3-year course.
Ask us and get personalized response free of cost.
Get Latest Notification of Colleges, Exams and News.